| 2 | Ground Slap | An individual places one hand on the ground and slaps the ground, a rock, or some grassy vegetation with the other while staring at the recipient. The ground slap may be repeated several times. |
| 3 | Chase | An individual stares at the recipient and rushes at him/her at great speed. The recipient typically flees. |
| 4 | Seize | The performer grabs the body, face, neck, or ear of the recipient with one hand, shakes it, and then releases it. Sometimes the performer also comes very close (face to face) and stares at the recipient. |
| 5 | Bite | The performer grabs the receiver tightly, preventing him/her from fleeing, and bites the recipient vigorously.
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| 6 | Avoid | The performer turns its body away from the attacker as if preparing to flee while displaying a “horrified” facial expression toward the attacker. |
| 7 | Flee | The target of an attack will run in the opposite direction from the attacker. |
| 8 | Scream | A vocal reaction to an attacker. The scream is high pitched and of long duration. This may be accompanied by fleeing. |
| 9 | Redirection | When A is attacked by B, A responds immediately by attacking C. C is an individual that is nearby and lower-ranking than both A and B. In some cases, B will join the attack against C. |
| 10 | Solicit Support | When an individual is attacked by another individual, it intermittently scans the attacker and a higher-ranking individual nearby with screams. The higher-ranking bystander may respond by interrupting the attack on the scanner. |
| 11 | Hold Bottom | The performer (usually the alpha female) approaches one of two other females that are engaged in a fight. She approaches from behind and holds the bottom of the female. Both females typically teeth-chatter to one another. This tends to interrupt the fight. |
| 12 | Aproach | An individual moves directly toward another individual, coming within 1 m. |
| 13 | Leave | An individual moves from within 1 m to more than 1 m of another individua |
| 14 | Proximity | Two or more individuals are sitting or lying within 1 m or between 1 and 5 m (depending on studies). |
| 15 | Following | When one individual begins to travel from one location to another, another individual nearby immediately goes in the same direction. |
| 16 | Teeth Chatter |
The performer opens his/her mouth, places the tongue close to the teeth, and moves his/her jaw rapidly, thereby making clicking noises with his/her teeth. The eyelids are lowered, the chin is raised, and the tongue is moved rapidly back and forth across the teeth. This behavior accompanies same-sex mounting, embracing, and infant carrying. It appears to function as a friendly invitation to interact. |
| 17 | Play | Brief sequence of rapid, repetitive, and exaggerated movements, without clear objectives. Interacting play movements involving two or more individuals include chase, mock fight, and combinations of previous behavior. |
| 18 | Social grooming | One individual uses his/her fingers and palms to groom the fur of another individual. The groomer may pick out small objects from the recipients fur and eat them. |
| 19 | Embrace | Two individuals, usually adult males, hold each other while face to face. Each partner will reach with one hand and attempt to touch the genitals of the other. Both partners typically teeth-chatter and vocalize excitedly. |
| 20 | Touch |
A ritualistic behavior between males in which the lower-ranking individual approaches the higher-ranking individual in front. The higher-ranking male touches some part of the body of the lower-ranking individual (head, back, shoulder). Then the lower-ranking individual leaves. This may be used in a tense situation and appears to be a means by which the lower-ranking individual obtains “permission” to proceed on its pathway or with its apparent goal. |
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| 21 | Present | One individual approaches the front of the other and shows his bottom to the other. Usually the presenter is the lower-ranking of the two partners. Females also present to males. |
| 22 | Mount | One male (usually the lower-ranking) grabs the back hair of another male and mounts from behind, using the full ankle clasp posture. Both males teeth-chatter and scream excitedly. Then the mounter dismounts. The duration of the mount is about 3–5 s. This may be a simple friendly gesture or a post-conflict behavior. |
| 23 | Show Penis | This is a ritualized behavior shown by juvenile males toward adult males. Usually, the lower-ranking male approaches the higher-ranking male, raises one leg, and displays his penis. The higher-ranking male puts his head on the belly of the lower-ranking male and licks or touches the penis with his hand. The juvenile may show his penis from a reclining position. |
| 24 | Suck Penis | A young male approaches an adult male and jumps on his head. The adult male holds the younger male by the waist in such a way that his mouth can reach the young male’s penis. The adult sucks the young male’s penis and then the younger male leaves. |
| 25 | Hold Infant | An adult male holds an infant and may carry it ventrally. Usually the infant is male. This apparently serves to invite other adult males to engage in social interaction with the adult male. |
| 26 | Bridge |
Bridging involves three individuals, an infant or young juvenile and (a) two adult males, (b) one adult male and one subadult male, or (c) two adult females. The two older individuals hold the infant on its back, lower their heads, and lick the belly and/or genitals of the infant. They will often teeth-chatter and vocalize excitedly. The infant is usually male and his penis becomes erect immediately. Other infants, particularly females, will approach a bridging triad with excitement as if they wish to participate. |
| 27 | Genital Inspection | One individual will touch the genitals—the vagina of a female or the anus of a male—and sniff it or lick it directly. When a male inspects a female in estrus, it is called a sexual inspection |
| 28 | Sexual Inspection | A genital inspection by an adult male of an estrus female. |
| 29 | Sexual Chase | An adult male chases a female and attempts to mate with her. The sexual chase differs from the aggressive chase in that it is slower and is interrupted by pauses. In addition, although the female attempts to avoid the male, she is less likely to scream |
| 30 | Sexual Grimace | An individual directs a grimace toward an adult of the opposite sex that may be either nearby or far away. The male sways his body in a manner that makes him more noticeable to the female. The grimace differs from a fear grimace in that the corners of the mouth are not drawn back as far. This is a sexual solicitation. |
| 31 | Mating | Three types of mating are described: (1) intromission and thrusting only; (2) intromission, thrusting, and pausing; and (3) intromission, thrusting, pausing, and calling. |
| 32 | Harassment | Individuals approach a mating pair excitedly, touch the heads, lick, or stick their faces in the faces of the mating partners. They may also grimace or scream. This does not generally interrupt the copulation of the mating partners. |
| 33 | Consorchip | An adult male and female form a temporary close affiliative and sexual relationship during the mating season. They will move, feed, mate, and groom together, but do not necessarily mate exclusively with one another. Their frequencies of following one another are much higher than during non-mating periods. |
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